Explore girls' and women’s blood health resources

A clinical resource from the American Society of Hematology on establishing and operating specialized heavy menstrual bleeding clinics for adolescent patients.

A peer-reviewed JAMA Pediatrics article providing evidence-based guidance on diagnosing and managing heavy menstrual bleeding and underlying bleeding disorders in adolescent girls.

An American Academy of Pediatrics clinical report outlining how healthcare professionals can use menstrual cycle patterns as an indicator of overall health in girls and adolescents.

An official committee opinion from the ACOG with recommendations for screening and managing bleeding disorders in adolescents with heavy menstrual bleeding.

Patient-centered infographic on heavy menstrual bleeding in girls affected by hemophilia.

A patient and provider education toolkit from Let's Talk Period designed to support conversations about bleeding disorders and abnormal uterine bleeding in clinical and community settings.

A series of resources for providers to share with their patients to address heavy menstrual bleeding. Available in both English and Spanish.

A peer-reviewed article from Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis examining the current evidence and clinical recommendations for managing venous thromboembolism risk in women with breast and gynecological cancers.

The 2022 international clinical practice guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for the treatment and prevention of cancer-associated thrombosis, including considerations for patients with COVID-19.

An American Society of Hematology resource examining the thrombotic risks associated with estrogen and progestin-based contraceptives and guidance for supporting informed contraceptive decision-making in women with bleeding and clotting disorders.

A peer-reviewed article from the International Journal of Molecular Sciences reviewing the mechanisms and evidence behind venous thromboembolism risk associated with combined oral contraceptive use in women.

A clinical review published in Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis outlining key considerations for preventing and managing venous thrombosis risk in women using hormonal therapies.

ISTH Collaborative partners with Public/Patients/Advocacy resources to support global maternal health and equity.

A curated collection of peer-reviewed research from ASH on hematologic conditions affecting maternal health, including bleeding and clotting disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period for researchers and physicians.

This Series provides the scientific basis for embracing new perspectives in tackling global maternal health issues for researchers and physicians.

Sets evidence-based guidelines and norms for improving maternal and perinatal health outcomes worldwide for the general public and patients.

Landmark randomized trial demonstrating increased risk of venous thromboembolism, stroke and pulmonary embolism with oral conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate.

Case control study demonstrating increased VTE risk with oral estrogen but not transdermal estrogen, with differential effects of progestogens.

A peer-reviewed narrative review examining how hormone type, dose, delivery method and risk factors influence VTE risk across contraceptive, menopausal and gender-affirming hormonal therapies.

Large UK nested case control study. Oral HRT associated with increased VTE risk. Transdermal preparations were not associated with increased VTE risk.

Contemporary review examining the strength of hormone-associated VTE risk, initial and recurrent VTE, and implications for anticoagulation duration.

Guideline addressing stroke risk in menopause, pregnancy and postpartum, including discussion of hormone therapy.

Clinical guidance outlining VTE risk associated with oral versus transdermal HRT and risk stratification approaches.

Factsheet on HRT for women who have a risk or history of blood clots.

The official NICE clinical guideline providing evidence-based recommendations for the assessment and management of heavy menstrual bleeding in women and adolescents.

A clinical guideline from the UK Haemophilia Centres Doctors' Organisation, published through the World Federation of Hemophilia, providing recommendations for the gynaecological care and management of women living with inherited bleeding disorders.

A peer-reviewed JAMA article offering clinicians a comprehensive overview of best practices for assessing and managing heavy menstrual bleeding in women of reproductive age.

Systematic review and meta-analysis examining fluctuations in clotting factor levels across menstrual cycle phases in women with and without heavy menstrual bleeding.

Study characterizing thrombin generation patterns across the menstrual cycle in women with von Willebrand disease.

Review of the mechanisms by which endogenous and exogenous estrogens influence hemostatic pathways.

Narrative review examining venous thrombosis risk across hormonal contraceptive, menopausal and gender-affirming therapy formulations.

Registry-based analysis of hormonal therapy use and its impact on heavy menstrual bleeding outcomes in women with type 1 von Willebrand disease.

Registry-based analysis of hormonal therapy use and its impact on heavy menstrual bleeding outcomes in women with type 1 von Willebrand disease.

This nationwide cross-sectional study of 664 adults with moderate or severe von Willebrand disease identifies bleeding score, VWF and FVIII levels, VWD type, sex and age as key determinants of bleeding phenotype, with menorrhagia reported as the most frequent symptom.

Comprehensive overview comparing the effectiveness of pharmacologic and surgical interventions for heavy menstrual bleeding.

Systematic review evaluating the efficacy and safety of progestogen-releasing intrauterine systems for reducing heavy menstrual bleeding.

Systematic review assessing the effectiveness of combined hormonal contraceptives in reducing menstrual blood loss.

Systematic review examining the evidence for cyclical progestogen therapy in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding.

Targeted review of treatment interventions and outcomes for managing heavy menstrual bleeding in women with moderate to severe von Willebrand disease.

The ECLIPSE trial demonstrating superior reduction in menstrual blood loss with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system compared with medical therapy.

Prospective study showing significant reduction in menstrual blood loss with the LNG-IUS in perimenopausal patients.

Randomized trial demonstrating greater reduction in menstrual blood loss with the LNG-IUS compared with norethisterone.

U.S. clinical guidance from the Medical and Scientific Advisory Council covering screening, diagnostic evaluation, and multidisciplinary management of inherited bleeding disorders in girls and women.

Accessible patient-facing guide covering genetic and factor level testing for haemophilia in females, including infographics, personal stories and answers to common questions.

Practical resource helping women with bleeding disorders navigate disclosure conversations with family, partners, employers and healthcare providers, including guidance on privacy rights.

Hub page covering bleeding disorders in women and girls, including haemophilia, von Willebrand disease, genetic testing, symptoms, treatment and the HFA Female Factors project.

Overview of HFA's women and girls project, including evidence-based resources on living with a bleeding disorder, personal stories and information on peer support groups across Australia.

This clinical overview examines the maternal and fetal implications of bleeding disorders in pregnancy, including VWD, hemophilia and platelet disorders, and provides guidance on coagulation factor monitoring, delivery planning and hemostatic management for affected women and potentially affected infants.

This review examines the evolving diagnosis and management of hemophilia carriers, women with von Willebrand disease and those with rare factor deficiencies, addressing persistent gaps in care and offering clinical and laboratory guidance for pregnancy, delivery and the postpartum period.

This case-based review presents a multidisciplinary framework for managing women with bleeding disorders across the lifespan, addressing heavy menstrual bleeding, psychosocial impact, preconception counseling and peripartum care within specialized hemophilia treatment centers.

A BMJ nested case-control study examining the association between different types and routes of hormone replacement therapy and venous thromboembolism risk in postmenopausal women.

A nationwide observational study published in the European Journal of Internal Medicine comparing bleeding risk outcomes between rivaroxaban and apixaban in older patients being treated for venous thromboembolism.

A systematic review analyzing how the route, timing, duration and dosage of postmenopausal hormone therapy influence cardiovascular outcomes in women.

A systematic review and meta-analysis from the American Geriatrics Society comparing the safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists for treating acute venous thromboembolism in older adults.

A large retrospective cohort study comparing apixaban, rivaroxaban and warfarin for extended VTE treatment, finding that apixaban was associated with a modestly lower rate of recurrent VTE hospitalization compared to warfarin, with no significant difference in major bleeding risk.

This narrative review examines venous thrombosis risks associated with hormonal contraception, hormone replacement therapy and gender-affirming care, offering clinicians guidance on hormone type, dose, delivery route and patient-specific risk factors to support informed prescribing decisions.

This large Swedish registry-based study of nearly 300,000 patients identifies key differences in comorbidities and provoking factors between DVT and pulmonary embolism, finding that cardiopulmonary conditions are more strongly linked to PE while orthopedic surgery and lower-extremity fractures carry higher risk for DVT.

This real-world registry study using RIETE data found that rivaroxaban and apixaban at recommended doses carry a similar risk of VTE recurrence and major bleeding in fragile patients, defined as those aged 75 or older, with reduced kidney function or low body weight.

These ASH evidence-based guidelines provide 28 GRADE-assessed recommendations on VTE treatment, covering initial management, primary treatment, secondary prevention and recurrent VTE, including strong recommendations on thrombolytic therapy, INR targets and indefinite anticoagulation for recurrent unprovoked VTE.

This retrospective cohort study of more than 64,000 Medicare and commercial insurance patients found that extended anticoagulation with apixaban beyond 90 days was associated with a modestly lower rate of recurrent VTE hospitalization compared with warfarin, with no significant differences in major bleeding rates across apixaban, rivaroxaban and warfarin.

A Journal of Clinical Medicine article reviewing laboratory approaches and diagnostic considerations for assessing hemostasis and coagulation disorders in newborn patients.

A Blood Advances study examining the clinical presentation and treatment patterns of hemophilia in very young children under 2 years of age.

A Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis practical guide outlining clinical recommendations for managing hemophilia in fetuses and newborns from prenatal diagnosis through early postnatal care.

A NeoReviews article providing clinicians with a comprehensive overview of coagulation disorders commonly encountered in newborn patients.

A Pediatrics article reviewing the causes, diagnosis and management of bleeding disorders presenting in the neonatal period.

A NeoReviews clinical review covering the spectrum of coagulation disorders affecting newborns and guidance for their assessment and management.

A Pediatrics resource offering healthcare professionals a clinical overview of the causes and management of bleeding in newborn patients.

A Pediatrics article helping clinicians identify and diagnose inherited platelet function disorders in pediatric patients presenting with bleeding symptoms.

A prospective study of 500+ women with postpartum hemorrhage identifies a distinct acute obstetric coagulopathy in a small subgroup, marked by massive hyperfibrinolysis and significantly higher rates of fetal, neonatal and maternal morbidity.

This WHO roadmap outlines global goals, milestones and investment priorities through 2030 to accelerate prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage, with particular focus on reducing the disproportionate burden carried by women in low- and middle-income countries.

This ISTH SSC guidance document outlines evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and managing the coagulopathy that accompanies postpartum hemorrhage, distinguishing its mechanisms from trauma-associated coagulopathy.

A novel rapid assay — the Fibrinolytic Activity Screening Test (FAST) — can quickly detect dangerous fibrinolytic activation in plasma, helping clinicians identify the most severe cases of postpartum hemorrhage and acute obstetric coagulopathy.

Global trials aiming to reduce maternal mortality due to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) using tranexamic acid (TXA).

This FCDO-funded program trained more than 8,700 female health workers across six northern Nigerian states to expand access to skilled maternal care in underserved communities where social norms and conflict severely limit women's access to health services.

Scotland's second Women's Health Plan sets out new actions through 2029 to reduce health inequalities for women and girls, with priority programs targeting gynaecology services, cervical cancer elimination, brain health and innovation in care delivery.

This review evaluates the evidence for current and emerging strategies to improve maternal outcomes in postpartum hemorrhage, including uterotonic agents, tranexamic acid, fibrinogen replacement and viscoelastic-guided transfusion protocols.

This state-of-the-art review from the ISTH 2019 Congress examines the elevated baseline VTE risk in pregnancy and how maternal, obstetric and delivery factors inform individualized risk assessment and thromboprophylaxis decisions.

This comprehensive illustrated review covers VTE epidemiology, diagnosis, anticoagulation selection and management from conception through the postpartum period, including considerations for assisted reproductive technology.

This practical clinical review addresses VTE management in young women across five key scenarios, including pregnancy, postpartum, provoked VTE, pill use and prognosis, highlighting where sex-specific decision-making is essential.

This prospective clinical study presents a personalized thrombophilia-based risk scoring tool to guide LMWH thromboprophylaxis decisions in high-risk pregnancies, demonstrating its practical utility in a real-world patient population.

The American Society of Hematology's 2020 clinical practice guidelines providing evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with venous thromboembolism.

Comprehensive UK clinical guideline outlining evidence-based assessment and treatment strategies for heavy menstrual bleeding.

Joint guideline from seven UK professional societies on evaluating and managing unscheduled bleeding in patients using HRT.

Clinical consensus guidance on pharmacologic options for menstrual suppression across a range of indications.

Committee opinion on identifying and managing underlying bleeding disorders in adolescent patients presenting with heavy menstrual bleeding.

Committee opinion addressing the diagnosis and gynecologic management of von Willebrand disease in women.

International expert consensus on diagnosing and managing von Willebrand disease and related bleeding disorders in women across reproductive life stages.

Joint UK guideline on the gynaecological care of women with inherited bleeding disorders, including perioperative and menstrual management.